Inhaled steroids can lead to which of the following side effects?

Inhaled steroids are commonly used in the management of respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One of the well-documented side effects associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids is the risk of developing fungal infections, particularly oral thrush (candidiasis). This occurs because inhaled steroids can suppress local immune responses in the mucosal areas of the mouth and throat, making it easier for opportunistic pathogens like Candida to proliferate.

When patients inhale these medications, some of the drug deposits in the oral cavity and pharynx. If not properly rinsed out after use, this can lead to an overgrowth of yeast, resulting in a fungal infection. This side effect underscores the importance of patient education regarding proper inhaler technique and the necessity of rinsing the mouth after each use to reduce the risk of such infections.

In contrast, other side effects associated with different classes of medications or conditions, such as hypotension or myopathy, are not typically associated with inhaled corticosteroids. Increased appetite is more often linked to systemic steroids rather than local inhaled medications. Thus, the potential for fungal infections is a significant and relevant consideration for patients using inhaled steroids.